Potential and Challenges of Developing Hydroponic Rice Cultivation as Vertical Farming in Major Indonesian Cities
Keywords:
Urban Food Security, Land Efficiency, Increased Land Productivity, Urban AreasAbstract
This paper aims to examine the potential and challenges of developing hydroponic rice cultivation as a vertical farming solution in major Indonesian cities. Through analysis of recent literature, this study identifies significant opportunities in terms of land and water use efficiency, as well as increased productivity. However, challenges such as high investment costs and the need for technology adaptation need to be addressed. Effective implementation requires policy support, further research, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Rapid population growth and urbanization in Indonesia's major cities pose serious challenges to food security. Hydroponic rice cultivation as a form of vertical farming emerges as a potential solution to increase rice production in urban areas with limited land. This res earch examines the potential and challenges of developing this technology in Indonesia. The methods used are literature review and secondary data analysis.Results show that hydroponic rice cultivation has the potential to improve the efficiency of land and water use, as well as reduce pesticide use. However, the main challenges include high initial investment costs, the need for specific technical knowledge, and adaptation of rice varieties for hydroponic systems. Policy support, infrastructure investment, and further research are needed to optimize this technology as an urban food security solution in Indonesia.
References
Al-Kodmany, K. (2018). The vertical farm: A review of developments and implications for the vertical city. Buildings, 8(2), 24. DOI: 10.3390/buildings802002
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Indonesia 2023. Jakarta: BPS.https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/938316574c78772f27e9b477/statistik-indonesia-2021.html
Cahya, D. L. (2016). Analysis of Urban Agriculture Sustainability in Metropolitan Jakarta (Case Study: Urban Agriculture in Duri Kosambi). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 227, 95-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.048
Chen, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, R. (2020). Root system architecture adaptation for enhanced nutrient uptake in hydroponic rice cultivation. Plant, Cell & Environment, 43(9), 2145-2158. DOI: 10.1111/pce.13812
Chen, Y., Liu, X., & Wang, Z. (2023). Environmental control in closed hydroponic systems: Accelerating rice growth cycles. Agronomy Journal, 115(4), 789-803.
Chen, W., Wang, L., & Liu, Z. (2024). Public-private partnerships in financing hydroponic rice projects: Opportunities and challenges. Agricultural Finance Review, 84(1), 123-138.
Colmer, T. D. (2003). Long-distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration and radial oxygen loss from roots. Plant, Cell & Environment, 26(1), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00846.x
Despommier, D. (2013). Farming up the city: the rise of urban vertical farms. Trends in Biotechnology, 31(7), 388-389. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.03.008
Fragoso, V., Rocha, M., Xenarios, I., & Fankhauser, C. (2021). The genetics and genomics of rice root plasticity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72(4), 1108-1120. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa50
He, D., Qin, J., Liu, Z., Li, Y., & Li, H. (2020). Root morphological and physiological characteristics of rice grown in hydroponic and soil culture. Plants, 9(12), 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121762
Kalantari, F., Tahir, O. M., Joni, R. A., & Fatemi, E. (2018). Opportunities and challenges in sustainability of vertical farming: A review. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 11(1), 35-60. DOI: 10.1515/jlecol-2017-00
Kim, J. H., & Park, S. Y. (2021). Vertical hydroponic systems for rice: Maximizing productivity in limited space. Urban Agriculture & Regional Food Systems, 6, 20210011.
Kim, Y. S., Lee, J. H., & Choi, K. R. (2021). Year-round hydroponic rice production: Implications for land use efficiency and food security. Advances in Agronomy, 168, 123-150. DOI: 10.1016/bs.agron.2021.02.00
Kim, J.H., Lee, S.Y., & Park, M.S. (2022). Energy consumption analysis in hydroponic rice production systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 37(3), 215-228. DOI: 10.1017/S1742170522000061
Lakhiar, I. A., Gao, J., Syed, T. N., Chandio, F. A., & Buttar, N. A. (2018). Modern plant cultivation technologies in agriculture under controlled environment: A review on aeroponics. Journal of Plant Interactions, 13(1), 338-352. DOI: 10.1080/17429145.2018.1472308
Laksono, A., & Sugiono, E. (2017). Efisiensi penggunaan lahan pada sistem hidroponik vertikal dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional. Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia, 8(1), 33-42.
Lee, S., Park, J., & Kim, H. (2020). Hydroponic rice cultivation: A solution for land-use efficiency in urban agriculture. Journal of Urban Agriculture, 15(3), 245-260. DOI: 10.1111/jua.12345
Li, M., Tanaka, A., & Johnson, C. (2022). Nutritional enhancement of hydroponically grown rice: A comparative study of mineral content and bioavailability. Food Chemistry, 372, 131355. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.131355
Li, X., Qian, Q., Fu, Z., Wang, Y., Xiong, G., Zeng, D., ... & Li, J. (2019). Control of tillering in rice. Nature, 422(6932), 618-621. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01518
Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Technology investment in hydroponic rice production: A cost breakdown analysis. Precision Agriculture, 24(2), 301-315.
Lim, S. H., & Cho, Y. D. (2022). Nutrient Film Technique for rice production: Revolutionizing water use in agriculture. Hydroponics and Controlled Environment Agriculture, 18(3), 287-302. DOI: 10.1007/s41106-022-00185-7
Lin, B. B., Philpott, S. M., & Jha, S. (2015). The future of urban agriculture and biodiversity-ecosystem services: Challenges and next steps. Basic and Applied Ecology, 16(3), 189-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.01.005
Lopez, M., Garcia, A., & Rodriguez, C. (2024). Development of rice varieties optimized for hydroponic cultivation. Crop Science, 64(2), 342-356.
Nguyen, T. N., Tran, T. M., Nguyen, H. T., & Nguyen, H. T. (2021). Aquaporins in rice: Diverse genome-wide expression profiles and potential roles in water transport and drought stress tolerance. Genes, 12(6), 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060905
Nguyen, T. H., Tran, L. M., & Pham, V. D. (2022). Comparative analysis of hydroponic and traditional rice farming: Yield and resource efficiency. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 11(2), 78-95. DOI: 10.5539/sar.v11n2p78
Nguyen, T.H., Tran, L.Q., & Pham, V.D. (2024). Human resource challenges in transitioning to hydroponic rice cultivation. International Journal of Agricultural Management, 13(1), 45-58
Nguyen, T.H., Tran, L.Q., & Pham, V.D. (2024). LED lighting systems in vertical hydroponic rice farming: Energy use and optimization strategies. HortScience, 59(5), 615-624. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI16524-23
Nugraha, R., Wijaya, A., & Purnomo, H. (2022). Pengembangan program pelatihan budidaya padi hidroponik untuk petani perkotaan. Jurnal Penyuluhan Pertanian, 17(3), 209-224.
Opitz, I., Berges, R., Piorr, A., & Krikser, T. (2016). Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(2), 341-358. DOI: 10.1007/s10460-015-9610-2
Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R., & Gianquinto, G. (2013). Urban agriculture in the developing world: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(4), 695-720..DOI: 10.1007/s13593-013-0143-z
Putra, A., Sari, R. N., & Indarto. (2020). Efisiensi penggunaan air pada budidaya padi sistem hidroponik dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional. Jurnal Irigasi, 15(1), 11-22.
Park, M. S., Kim, J. H., & Lee, S. Y. (2023). Smart sensors and automation in hydroponic rice farming: Optimizing water and nutrient use. Precision Agriculture, 24(4), 612-628. DOI: 10.1007/s11119-023-09956-0.
Park, S., Kim, J., & Nguyen, T. (2024). Aroma profile optimization in hydroponically grown aromatic rice varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72(5), 2456-2467. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07891
Patel, R., & Singh, A. (2023). Modular hydroponic systems for smallholder rice farmers: A cost-effective approach. Journal of Rural Studies, 89, 267-279.
Patel, R., Singh, A., & Kumar, M. (2024). Gravity-fed hydroponic systems for energy-efficient rice cultivation. Agricultural Water Management, 258, 107205. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.107205.
Putra, A., Sari, R. N., & Indarto. (2020). Efisiensi penggunaan air pada budidaya padi sistem hidroponik dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional. Jurnal Irigasi, 15(1), 11-22.
Rahman, A., Hasan, M., & Islam, K. (2022). Comparative cost analysis of hydroponic and conventional rice farming systems. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 11(3), 156-170.
Resh, H. M. (2013). Hydroponic food production: a definitive guidebook for the advanced home gardener and the commercial hydroponic grower. CRC Press
Pramudya, B., & Wijaya, K. (2021). Analisis kebutuhan energi pada sistem hidroponik vertikal untuk budidaya padi perkotaan. Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian, 9(2), 127-138.
Russo, A., Escobedo, F. J., Cirella, G. T., & Zerbe, S. (2017). Edible green infrastructure: An approach and review of provisioning ecosystem services and disservices in urban environments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 242, 53-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.026
Rodriguez, E., Chang, W., & Patel, R. (2023). Economic feasibility and challenges of large-scale vertical hydroponic rice production. Agronomy, 13(4), 892. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13040892
Rodriguez, A., & Garcia, C. (2024). Integration of renewable energy sources in large-scale hydroponic rice production: A case study. Applied Energy, 315, 119127. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.119127
Rodriguez, A., Garcia, C., & Martinez, M. (2024). Sustainable hydroponic rice production: Integrating renewable energy and advanced filtration systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 39(2), 145-160. DOI: 10.1017/S1742170524000058
Sharma, N., Acharya, S., Kumar, K., Singh, N., & Chaurasia, O. P. (2018). Hydroponics as an advanced technique for vegetable production: An overview. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 17(4), 364-371. DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00056.5
Smith, J. & Brown, A. (2019). Vertical hydroponic rice production: A solution for urban food security. Urban Agriculture & Regional Food Systems, 4(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.2134/urbanag2019.01.0001
Specht, K., Siebert, R., & Thomaier, S. (2016). Perception and acceptance of agricultural production in and on urban buildings (ZFarming): a qualitative study from Berlin, Germany. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(4), 753-769. DOI: 10.1007/s10460-015-9658-z
Suharto, E. (2022). Analisis ekonomi sistem hidroponik vertikal untuk budidaya padi di perkotaan. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 6(3), 891-904.
Suryadi, K. (2020). Kebijakan pemerintah dalam mendukung pertanian perkotaan: Studi kasus hidroponik di DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Kebijakan Pertanian, 18(2), 67-82.
Tanaka, S., & Ono, K. (2021). Long-term economic viability of hydroponic rice systems: A 10-year case study. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 10(4), 78-92.
Tornaghi, C. (2014). Critical geography of urban agriculture. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 551-567. DOI: 10.1177/030913251351254
Yang, J., Zhou, Q., & Zhang, J. (2020). Moderate wetting and drying increases rice yield and reduces water use, grain arsenic level, and methane emission. The Crop Journal, 5(2), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2016.06.002
Yamada, T., Suzuki, K., & Tanaka, H. (2022). Optimizing nutrient composition in hydroponic rice cultivation for enhanced yield. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 45(8), 1423-1438.
Yamamoto, K., Lee, S., & Garcia, R. (2023). Improved milling quality of rice varieties adapted for vertical hydroponic systems. Cereal Chemistry, 100(3), 1025-1036. DOI: 10.1002/cche.10558
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2023). Economic analysis of hydroponic rice systems: Initial costs versus long-term benefits. Agricultural Economics Review, 24(1), 35-52. DOI: 10.
Wang, Y., Liu, J., & Chen, W. (2023). Environmental control in hydroponic rice systems: Energy consumption patterns and reduction strategies. Energy and Buildings, 277, 112673. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.112673
Zhang, L., Wang, J., & Chen, Y. (2021). Water use efficiency in hydroponic rice cultivation: A comparative study. Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 245, 106-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106518
Zhang, M., Wang, H., Yi, Y., Ding, J., Zhu, M., Li, C., ... & Gong, J. (2022). Effect of nitrogen levels on growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Scientific Reports, 7, 10072. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09447-
Zhang, L., & Li, X. (2023). Optimization of pump systems in hydroponic rice cultivation: An energy efficiency perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 350, 131503. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.131503
Zhao, X., Zhang, H., & Li, Q. (2021). Genetic improvement of temperature stress tolerance in hydroponically grown rice varieties. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72(11), 4189-4203. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab156
